Useful References

Reviews on the impact of conventional treatments on dung fauna

Floate, K. D. (2006). Endectocide use in cattle and fecal residues: environmental effects in Canada. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire 70(1): 1-10.

O'Hea, N.M., Kirwan, L., Giller, P.S., Finn, J.A., 2010. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of ivermectin on north temperate dung beetles, Aphodius ater and Aphodius rufipes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity 3: 24-33.

Lumaret, J. P., Erousi, F. (2002) Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures. Veterinary Research 33(5): 547-562.

Wall, R. and L. Strong (1987). Environmental Consequences of Treating Cattle with the Antiparasitic Drug Ivermectin. Nature 327(6121): 418-421.

Wall, R and Beynon, S. (2011) Area-wide impact of macrocyclic lactone parasiticidesin cattle dung. Medical and Veterinary Entomology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00984.x pdf

Wall, R. and Strong, L. (1988). Ivermectin and cattle dung - a case for concern. Parasitology Today 4(4): 107-108. 

Wardhaugh, K. G. (2005). Insecticidal activity of synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, insect growth regulators, and other livestock parasiticides: An Australian perspective. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(4): 789-796.

Alternative treatments

Allen, J., M. Boal, et al. (1998). "Identifying and testing alternative parasiticides for use in the production of organic lamb." Organic Farming Research Foundation.

Nematophagous Fungi (Duddingtonia flagrans)

Chandrawathani, P., O. Jamnah, et al. (2002). "Nematophagous fungi as a biological control agent for nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia: a special emphasis on Duddingtonia flagrans." Veterinary Research 33(6): 685-696.

Paraud, C., J. P. Lumaret, et al. (2007). "Lack of effect of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on the development of the dung beetle, Aphodius constans." Small Ruminant Research 70(2-3): 276-279.

Pyper, W. (2003). Worm eater shows green promise. ECOS. Towards a sustainable future. Australia: 31-31.

Waller, P. J., M. Larsen, et al. (1994). "The potential of nematophagous fungi to control the free-living stages of nematode parasites of sheep - in vitro and in-vivo studies." Veterinary Parasitology 51(3-4): 289-299.

Diatomaceous Earth

Fernandez, M. I., B. W. Woodward, et al. (1998). "Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers." Animal Science 66: 635-641.

Korunic, Z. (1998). "Diatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides." Journal of Stored Products Research 34(2-3): 87-97. 

Lartigue, E. C. and C. E. Rossanigo (2004). "Insecticide and anthelmintic assessment of diatomaceous earth in cattle." Veterinaria Argentina 21(209): 660-674.

McLean, B., D. Frost, et al. (2005). The inclusion of Diatomaceous earth in the diet of grazing ruminants and its effect on gastrointestinal parasite burdens. Researching Sustainable Systems - International Scientific Conference on Organic Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia.

Garlic

Amin, M. R., M. Mostofa, et al. (2008). "Effects of garlic, turmeric and betel leaf against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle   " Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6(1): 115-119. 

Magi, E., T. Jarvis, et al. (2006). "Effects of different plant products against pig mange mites." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75(2): 283-287.

Chicory

Deane, J. C., J. Warren, et al. (2002). The effect of Cichorium intybus and Lotus corniculatus on nematode burdens and production in grazed lambs. UK Organic Research, Aberystwyth.

Githiori, J. B., S. Athanasiadou, et al. (2006). "Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants." Veterinary Parasitology 139(4): 308-320.

Heckendorn, F., D. A. Haring, et al. (2007). "Individual administration of three tanniferous forage plants to lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia curticei." Veterinary Parasitology 146(1-2): 123-134.

Marley, C. L., R. Cook, et al. (2006). "The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration." Veterinary Parasitology 138(3-4): 280-290.

Marley, C. L., R. Cook, et al. (2003). "The effect of dietary forage on the development and survival of helminth parasites in ovine faeces." Veterinary Parasitology 118(1-2): 93-107.

Marley, C. L., R. Cook, et al. (2003). "The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites." Veterinary Parasitology 112(1-2): 147-155.

Rahmann, G. and H. Seip (2007). "Bioactive forage and phytotherapy to cure and control endo-parasite diseases in sheep and goat farming systems - a review of current scientific knowledge." Landbauforschung Volkenrode 57: 285-295.